Opinion of experinces at Commonwealth Scientific of Industrial Research Paper

Opinion of experinces at Commonwealth Scientific of Industrial Organization (CSIRO) - Research Paper Example The objective of the organization guides it toward performing certain activities. The objectives of the business in most cases are directly related to the organization’s core business activity. After going through the company’s history, I have realized that the main role of CSIRO is carrying out scientific research for Australia’s benefit and facilitating the application of the research results. Other functions include international scientific liaison, research workers training, maintenance of measurements standards, distribution of scientific and technical information and publishing scientific papers. However, the activities and products of the organization may to some extent affect the society. I believe that CIRO as a reputable organization manages its products well and engages in social responsibility. Given that nanotechnology may have a lot of implications in the future, I hope to find out from my experience in the organization what these implications will be. There are various types of businesses including sole proprietorship, partnership, and limited companies. Each of these has its advantages and disadvantages. With almost no doubt CIRO is a company. Yet again, there are various forms of partnerships that may be established at the institutional level. Organizations normally work together to achieve various goals, sometimes sharing resources and in other cases sharing knowledge. Joint ventures are, for example, established so that the companies involve benefit from each other or gain advantage where there are restrictions in case they go alone. I have learnt that CIRO engages with various organizations at different levels in the course of its duties, something that I believe is beneficial to it. I hope to establish with time which organizations CIRO engages with chiefly, and the relationships that exist between them (joint venture, partnership, research partner†¦). I believe I will appreciate these relationships

Genome-wide screen for Salmonella genes required for long-term Essay

Genome-wide screen for Salmonella genes required for long-term systemic infection of the mouse - Essay Example In this respect animal models of the disease process being caused by Salmonella have proved to be quite useful. The process by which Salmonella invades and then onwards maintains itself in the host species is not only a complicated but indeed and intriguing process. It is also an example of adaptive evolution and selective preservation of a genotype. Given its prevalence across a range of warm blooded hosts it has been possible to study the infection and virulence factors in several species. For instance while, murine infection with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium has been used largely to replicate human typhoid (caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi), bovine infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin or S. enterica serovar Typhimurium has been the extensively used to model intestinal disease. The ability of Salmonella to exist within its host for months following the initial invasion requires it to resist any innate immunity or more likely evolve/adapt to resist the host resistance. Since these bacteria are well able to establish long term system infection in their hosts, the genetic factors responsible for such ability need to be well established to counteract any pathogeneicity. While, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a strictly human pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a murine pathogen that is increasingly been used to model human typhoid (caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi). ... In the mouse model, S. Typhimurium invades epithelial cells and can survive and proliferate in macrophage before entering the blood stream and causing a systemic infection. The macrophages are ideal places for the bacteria as they are able to elude the host's immune response in this. Indeed it has been evidenced that the longest duration of stay for slamonella within the host occurs in the macrophages. However for the most part understanding of the murine salmonella species has been limited to the Nramp1 susceptible (Nramp1s) mouse strains i.e. the BALB/c and C57Bl/6. Macrophages from Nramp1s mice permit a much higher rate of serovar Typhimurium replication in vitro as well as in vivo as compared to Nramp1r (Nramp1 is functional) macrophages. While this has upuntil date allowed for observation of the diseased condition, the hosts (mice) invariably are most severly affected by the bacteteria considerabily limiting the scope of study. The paper here however focuses on the novel Salmonella persistence model based on the mouse strain 129X1/SvJ (Nramp1r), which are typically resistant to the replication of the bacteria not succumbing easily to the virulence. Consequently the bacteria can be obtained from systemic sites even up to an year post infection which would help to increase the time spectrum of study if need be. Clearly as intricate an adaptive mechanism as seen in the samlonella species would require the contribution of several genes and virulence factors.The invasion-associated genes are required for intestinal secretory and inflammatory disease, that intracellular survival in both the intestinal epithelium and macrophages is essential for

Non-Profit Organization Finances and Pricing

Non-Profit Organization Finances and Pricing The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (TB Alliance) is a non-profit organization which uses its revenues to develop new, simpler, faster-acting TB drug regimens[1] rather than distributing those profits to its shareholders and board of directors.[2] It is also a PDP (product development partnership) that operates like a biotechnology firm creating collaborations between the private, public, academic, and philanthropic sectors to drive the development of new TB drugs for developing countries using various licensing and partnership agreements. In this way risk and incentives are shared between the partners. TB Alliance manages the various projects although the laboratory experiments and clinical studies are performed by external partners. Donors include private foundations, governments, multilateral donors including the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation, the European Commission, the Global Health Innovative Technology Fund, Irish Fund, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Di sease, UK AID, UNIT AID, United States Agency for International Development, and the US Food and Drug Administration.[3] As a corporation, TB Alliance has to maintain legal status and reporting functions by filing reports with federal, state and local authorities. However, they have to demonstrate â€Å"no profit† and show how the money was utilized by submitting a Form 990 to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to keep their tax-exempt status.[4] The financial position for non-profit research based organization is important because it is funded by various donors. The board of directors and management of TB Alliance are accountable for how the money is spent for research, administrative activities, and production of new, faster-acting and affordable TB drugs. Ratios to Measure the Financial Position of an Organization: An efficient measure which could analyse the trends and financial position of the organization over a period of time is the ratio analysis. Ratio analysis is a gauge which indicates the organizational financial performance.[5] Management of a non-profit organization uses ratio analysis in order to highlight the flaws and strengths of various strategies on the basis of which plans could be shaped. Funders or private donors of the organization can use the ratio analysis to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the projects and make decision about management’s performance.[6] The assessment of financial condition of non-profit organization starts with the evaluation of financial reports.[7] Various ratios are there to analyse the financial position of organization but a ratio is more useful if it is consistent in nature over time and measure the precise financial information.[8] We normally look at the published annual reports http://www.tballiance.org/annualreport/ and review their financial position and look for any red flags. We make sure their cash position is good relative to the annual operating income, and their equity / net assets are reasonably positive. We also make sure that any grant or investment we give is not a huge percentage of their annual budget.[9] There are eleven ratios identified by Non Profit Assistance Fund which could be used by a non-profit research based organization which is funded by private donors.[10] There are 5 Balance sheet ratios which could be used by a non-profit organization: Debt ratio: It is used to examine how much organization is relying on other people debts and how much cushion there is for the company. It is calculated by dividing total debt to total net assets.[11] Current ratio: Current ratio is current assets to current liabilities and it identifies the ability of the organization to pay its debts on time. It is a measure which tells about the cash flow in near future.[12] Days cash on hand: It is cash and current investments to daily cash requirement and helps to identify the amount of operating cast required by organization. It is helpful as it tells about the unrestricted cash available to the organization.[13] Accounts receivable aging: Account receivable aging ratio is important because it helps to identify all those bills which have become older and are aberrant. This ratio identifies the cash flow problems of the non profit organization. It consists of all the accounts payable overdue for more than 90 days to total accounts receivable.[14] Accounts payable aging: It is all the accounts payable over due for more than 90 days to total accounts payable. It specifies the cash flows problems related to payments and serve as a tool for several financial problems.[15] There are 3 expense ratios which are important for a non-profit organization as donors will need to examine the expense incurred and these are: Personnel costs ratio: It indicates the expense incurred on the human resource of the organization and tells how much budget is allocated for staff. It is the total wages to total expense.[16] Administration cost ratio: It is the total general and administrative expense to total expense. It is very helpful for the donors who regularly examine the expenses of company over time.[17] Fundraising efficiency: It is the income contributed to fundraising expense. As the organization raise funds from private donors it’s important to know each dollar which is being raised from the contribution by incurring expense on fundraising.[18] There is 1 ratio related to income statement: Reliance ratio. This ratio helps to identify the major source of income which is utilized by the organization for income. It highlights major activities which help to increase organizations income and it is the largest income source to total income.[19] Contracts and Its Affect on Provider Behaviour: Private donors can use Donor Advice Funds which is a written agreement between the donor and the non profit organization.[20] It is the fastest growing technique for non profit organization funded mainly by private donors. In this contract a special fund is created by the private donor to donate as charity or for well being of society. In this type of contract there is an agreement between the organization and the donor which states that the non profit organization will respect the donor’s wishes while using funds. But the agreement is non-binding and the ultimate decision and control is in the hands of non profit organization. The nature of provider in the contract is advisory and can only give suggestions to the board of non profit research company and the ultimate decision lies with management.[21] Contracts can be: (1) Fixed price contract when there is no uncertainty in the scope of work. The contractor is bound to complete the task within the agreed amount of money and time and is required to finish the task within a fixed amount. In this type of contract, the contractor bears the risk and the scope needs to be as detailed as possible[22]; (2) Cost reimbursable contract where the contractor is reimbursed for completed work and paid a certain amount representing the profit. In this type of contract, the buyer bears the risk since the buyer pays for all (allowable and reasonable) costs incurred by the contractor[23]; (3) Time and Materials contract when a contractor is paid on the basis of cost of labor specified hourly, actual cost of materials and equipment used, and an agreed upon amount to cover the contractor’s overhead with instructions not to exceed a certain limit. Here the risk is distributed between both buyer and seller[24]. Pricing Policy and Costing Methods: Price is the value charged for a product and pricing policy is the strategy by which the wholesale or retail price of the product is decided.[25] In developed countries the price of product is high due to high cost of RD as compared to underdeveloped countries.[26] Various costing methods which could be used by organization are cost based, competition based and value based pricing. Cost based pricing is the price of product decided according to the cost plus a profit margin. Cost based pricing consider both the fixed plus variable cost of the product and adds a margin over it.[27] Competition based pricing is a pricing technique that considers the industry in which the firm is operating and the competition.[28] Finally, Value based pricing is the customer based pricing technique which is based on customers’ needs, habits and attitudes.[29] The pricing structure for a non-profit pharmaceutical company providing inexpensive drugs is cost based pricing method which includes the fixed and variable cost plus an addition of suitable profit margin to cover the expenses for instance Howard Hugh medical institute uses cost based pricing. [30] The company can also use three tiered pricing policy in which it could make the pricing strategies by dividing countries into groups. The drugs could be sold at marginal cost in those countries where there is hard strike of disease and can be sold at a higher price with profit margin to middle income countries for instance Abbott uses three tiered pricing policy.[31] GlaxoSmithKline was one of the first vaccine companies to adopt this approach – higher prices for high income countries; low prices in GAVI eligible countries; and intermediate prices in middle income countries. [32] References Allen, S. ‘Pricing Methods’. 2015. http://entrepreneurs.about.com/od/salesmarketing/a/pricingstrategy_2.htm (Accessed 2015-3-9) B. Barkin, TB Finance Manager, Bill Melinda Gates Foundation (personal communication, March 13, 2015) Basu,C.‘Four Basic Types of Financial Ratios Used to Measure a Companys Performance’. 2015. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/four-basic-types-financial-ratios-used-measure-companys-performance-25299.html (Accessed 2015-3-9) Bate, R. Boateng, K. ‘Drug Pricing and Its Discontents’. 2007. http://www.aei.org/publication/drug-pricing-and-its-discontents/ (Accessed 2015-3-10) Business Dictionary. Cost reimbursable contract. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/cost-reimbursement-contract.html (Accessed 2015-3-10) Business Dictionary. Time and materials contract. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/time-and-materials-T-M-contract.html (Accessed 2015-3-10) Chabotar, k., J., Financial ratio analysis comes to nonprofits.The Journal of Higher Education, 1989.pp. 188-208. Chuang, J., and Marvin, S. Pricing multicast communication: A cost-based approach.Telecommunication Systems, 2001, vol.17, no.3, pp. 281-297. DCU. ‘Charitable Planning: Donor Advised Funds vs. Private Foundations’. 2015. http://dcufinancial.org/new/dcufinancial/content.asp?contentid=2017940795 (Accessed 2015-3-10) FRA. ‘Financial Ratio Analysis’ 2013. http://www.demonstratingvalue.org/resources/financial-ratio-analysis (Accessed 2015-3-9) Global Alliance for TB Drug Development. (2015) http://www.tballiance.org/about/operating-model.php (Accessed 2015-3-9). GSK Tiered pricing and vaccines. (2014) http://www.gsk.com/media/280905/tiered-pricing-for-vaccines-policy.pdf (Accessed 2015-3-13) Herman, R. D., Renz, D. O. ‘Theses on nonprofit organizational effectiveness’.Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, 1999,vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 107-126. Investorwords. Fixed Price Contract. http://www.investorwords.com/19291/fixed_price_contract.html (Accessed 2015-3-10) Joskow, P. Alvin, K. A framework for analyzing predatory pricing policy.Yale Law Journal,1979, pp. 213-270. Kanter, R. M., Summers, D. V. ‘Doing well while doing good: Dilemmas of performance measurement in nonprofit organizations and the need for a multiple-constituency approach’.Sage publication, 1994, pp. 220-236. Kaplan, R. Strategic performance measurement and management in nonprofit organizations.Nonprofit management and Leadership, 2001,vol.11, no. 3, pp.353-370. Mckeever,M. ‘Family Foundations: Donor Advised Funds and Supporting Organizations as Alternatives to Private Foundations’ .1999. http://www.pgdc.com/pgdc/family-foundations-donor-advised-funds-and-supporting-organizations-alternatives-private-foundations (Accessed 2015-3-10). NAF. â€Å"Analyzing Financial Information Using Ratios†. 2014. https://nonprofitsassistancefund.org/sites/default/files/publications/nonprofit_financial_ratios_2013.pdf (Accessed 2015-3-10). Nagle, T., T., and Reed K., H.,Strategy and tactics of pricing. Pearson Education Limited, 2013. Salamon, L., M., The rise of the nonprofit sector.Foreign Affairs, 1994, pp. 109-122. Tuckman, H., P., and Cyril F. C., A methodology for measuring the financial vulnerability of charitable nonprofit organizations.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 1991,vol.20, no.4, pp.445-460. Zall, M., ‘The Pricing Puzzle’. 2006. http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/mdd/v04/i03/html/03zall.html (Accessed 2015-3-10). Z, J., ‘Nonprofit financial objectives and financial responses to a tough economy’.Journal of Corporate Treasury Management,2010,vol.3, no.3, pp. 238-248. [1] Global Alliance for TB Drug Development. (2015) http://www.tballiance.org/about/operating-model.php (Accessed 2015-3-9). [2] R. M. Kanter, D. V. Summers. ‘Doing well while doing good: Dilemmas of performance measurement in nonprofit organizations and the need for a multiple-constituency approach’. Sage publication, 1994, pp. 220-236. [3] Global Alliance for TB Drug Development. (2015) http://www.tballiance.org/about/operating-model.php (Accessed 2015-3-9). [4] B. Barkin, TB Finance Manager, Bill Melinda Gates Foundation (personal communication, March 13, 2015) [5] R. D. Herman, D. O. Renz. (1999). ‘Theses on nonprofit organizational effectiveness’. Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, 1999,vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 107-126. [6] FRA. ‘Financial Ratio Analysis’. 2013. http://www.demonstratingvalue.org/resources/financial-ratio-analysis (Accessed 2015-3-9). [7] R, Kaplan. ‘Strategic performance measurement and management in nonprofit organizations’. Nonprofit management and Leadership, 2001,vol.11, no. 3, pp.353-370. [8]FRA. ‘Financial Ratio Analysis’. 2013. http://www.demonstratingvalue.org/resources/financial-ratio-analysis (Accessed 2015-3-9) [9] B. Barkin, TB Finance Manager, Bill Melinda Gates Foundation (personal communication, March 13, 2015) [10] C, Basu. ‘Four Basic Types of Financial Ratios Used to Measure a Companys Performance’. 2015. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/four-basic-types-financial-ratios-used-measure-companys-performance-25299.html (Accessed 2015-3-9) [11] J. K., Chabotar, ‘Financial ratio analysis comes to nonprofits’. The Journal of Higher Education, 1989.pp. 188-208 [12]H, Tuckman, and C, Cyril. ‘A methodology for measuring the financial vulnerability of charitable nonprofit organizations’. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly20.4 (1991): 445-460 [13] J. Zietlow, ‘Nonprofit financial objectives and financial responses to a tough economy’.Journal of Corporate Treasury Management,2010,vol.3, no.3, pp. 238-248. [14]R, Kaplan. ‘Strategic performance measurement and management in nonprofit organizations’. Nonprofit management and Leadership, 2001,vol.11, no. 3, pp.353-370. [15] NAF. ‘Analyzing Financial Information Using Ratios’. 2014. https://nonprofitsassistancefund.org/sites/default/files/publications/nonprofit_financial_ratios_2013.pdf (Accessed 2015-3-10) [16] H, Tuckman, and C, Cyril. ‘A methodology for measuring the financial vulnerability of charitable nonprofit organizations’. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly20.4 (1991): 445-460 [17] J,,K.,.Chabotar, ‘Financial ratio analysis comes to nonprofits’. The Journal of Higher Education, 1989.pp. 188-208 [18] NAF. ‘Analyzing Financial Information Using Ratios’. 2014. https://nonprofitsassistancefund.org/sites/default/files/publications/nonprofit_financial_ratios_2013.pdf (Accessed 2015-3-10) [19] L., M. Salamon. ‘The rise of the nonprofit sector’.Foreign Affairs, 1994, pp. 109-122. [20] M. Mckeever. ‘Family Foundations: Donor Advised Funds and Supporting Organizations as Alternatives to Private Foundations’ .1999. http://www.pgdc.com/pgdc/family-foundations-donor-advised-funds-and-supporting-organizations-alternatives-private-foundations (Accessed 2015-3-10). [21] DCU. ‘Charitable Planning: Donor Advised Funds vs. Private Foundations’. 2015. http://dcufinancial.org/new/dcufinancial/content.asp?contentid=2017940795 (Accessed 2015-3-10) [22] Investorwords. Fixed Price Contract. http://www.investorwords.com/19291/fixed_price_contract.html (Accessed 2015-3-10) [23] Business Dictionary. Cost reimbursable contract. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/cost-reimbursement-contract.html (Accessed 2015-3-10) [24] Business Dictionary. Time and materials contract. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/time-and-materials-T-M-contract.html (Accessed 2015-3-10) [25] P, Joskow K, Alvin. ‘A framework for analyzing predatory pricing policy’.Yale Law Journal,1979, pp. 213-270. [26] R. Bate, K. Boateng.‘Drug Pricing and Its Discontents’. 2007. http://www.aei.org/publication/drug-pricing-and-its-discontents/ (Accessed 2015-3-10) [27] John,Chuang Sirbu, Marvin. ‘Pricing multicast communication: A cost-based approach’. Telecommunication Systems, 2001, vol.17, no.3, pp. 281-297. [28] T, T. Nagle, H.,,K., Reed.‘Strategy and tactics of pricing’. Pearson Education Limited, 2013. [29] S. Allen, ‘Pricing Methods’. 2015. http://entrepreneurs.about.com/od/salesmarketing/a/pricingstrategy_2.htm (Accessed 2015-3-9) [30]M., Zall.. ‘The Pricing Puzzle’. 2006. http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/mdd/v04/i03/html/03zall.html (Accessed 2015-3-10). [31] R. Bate, K. Boateng.‘Drug Pricing and Its Discontents’. 2007. http://www.aei.org/publication/drug-pricing-and-its-discontents/ (Accessed 2015-3-10) [32] GSK Tiered pricing and vaccines. (2014) http://www.gsk.com/media/280905/tiered-pricing-for-vaccines-policy.pdf (Accessed 2015-3-13)

Old Professor New Lessons Tuesdays with Morrie Essay -- Essays Papers

Old Professor New Lessons Tuesdays with Morrie Thesis: In the novel Tuesdays with Morrie, Mitch Aldom gains a new understanding on life's lessons taught by his old professor Morrie. Old Professor-New Lessons Mitch Albom attended many classes taught by Morrie Schwartz during his years at Brandeis University, but he does not attempt to learn the meaning of life until he is in his forties. The knowledge of his favorite professors illness forces Mitch to rekindle an old friendship. In the process of finding an old friend, Mitch acquires many life lessons that give him a new meaning to his existence. Mitch and Morrie meet on Tuesdays. On the second Tuesday, the topic of discussion is feeling sorry for oneself. On this day Mitch asks Morrie, "Do you feel sorry for yourself." (Albom 56) Morrie responds: Sometimes in the mornings, that's when I mourn. I mourn what I have lost. I mourn the slow, insidious way in which I'm dying. But then I stop mourning. I give myself a good cry if I need it. But then I concentrate on all the good things in life. I don't allow myself any more self-pity than that. (Albom 57) Mitch is amazed how well Morrie takes his illness. People in Morrie's situation sit around and feel sorry for themselves. The idea of putting a daily limit on self-pity is a revolutionary idea for Mitch. This lesson shows Mitch that time on earth is precious and to find a ray of light in life's darkest days. On the forth Tuesday the l...

Explaining the role of ‘suppliers’ Essay

Question: Explaining the role of ‘suppliers’ in an organization’s microenvironment. Discuss the impact the supplier environment might have on the marketing of soft drinks. Definition of suppliers: Firms and individuals that provide the resources needed by the company to produce its goods and services (lecture 3, p10). This includes materials and parts, capital items, supplies and service. (Diagram 1. 4) The Role of suppliers Suppliers play a vital role in an organization’s microenvironment. The relationship between suppliers and organizations are built on a solid foundation of value. (Diagram 1. 3) The growth and the vision of the organization depend heavily on the values that the suppliers can offer. The extent to which organizations and suppliers work together toward their respective or common goals is defined as Joint action. In this Joint, the supplier contribute significantly in provides sources of competitive advantages towards the organizations against other competitors as well as save cost and achieve efficiency for the organization. (Diagram 1. 1) Supplier and organization are interdependent on each other. This relationship develops and nurture strong business ties and make both needed each other to achieve desired goals. The ties can become stronger when both an organization and a supplier are highly dependent on each other. The most important thing is that an organization cannot offer customers superior service if the suppliers are not giving the organization the same. It is important that the organization has a high communication frequency and information sharing with its suppliers. A good frequent contact and information sharing helps routine issues such as product availability, order handling and delivery issues and reduce uncertainty. When the organization has frequent communication with it’s suppliers, it can give the supplier the chance for operational improvements and product development. This can indirectly help the organization because when the advice is accepted, the efficiency and effectiveness of the supplies can be improved. If the role of the supplier is underestimated by the organization, the organization could prevent itself from improving and developing. Customer accommodation(Diagram 1. 2) This reflects to what extent the suppliers are prepared to accommodate customer’s changing needs and want, which is always changing rapidly and abruptly. Can suppliers be flexible? Are they prepared to relax rules for customers? Can they respond to the unexpected? And so on. Here, the role of supplier is vital. If the organization cannot accommodate what customer need and want because of the supplier, the organization could incur a decrease in sale in short term and damage customer satisfaction in the long term. The offering A high level of product quality usually leads to customer confidence. An organization cannot build that confidence if their supplier cannot produce a high quality supplies. The role of supplier here is to make sure they can produce quality product that an organization is expected as well as it’s costumers. Transaction cost is also another important element in supplier’s offering. Transaction cost emphasizes the efficiency of inter-firm ex-change and the magnitude of transaction cost is what determines the degree of relational behavior between firms (K. Kim, 1999, p 218). Transaction cost includes frequency of transaction, uncertainty and asset specificity, such as location of firms and the delivery. Cost. Organization seeks suppliers that give the best price, such as cost of the products, materials of components purchased and other costs involved process. The supplier also needs to position their price that will bring cost benefits to the company so that their relationship is maintained steadily. Brand and country of production Brand and country of production provides value both to the Customer and organization. The quality of the product is always associated with the brand and Country of production when costumers are making quality judgment. The supplier therefore has an important role when the organization is setting out its marketing strategies. Impact of supplier environment on the marketing of soft drinks Soft drink company researched- coca-cola, PepsiCo, Quakers, Frito-Lay and Tropicana. The use of societal marketing philosophy In the five soft drinks company researched, all of them were involved in helping Minority owned business and Woman/Women Owned Business by making them their secondary suppliers to show that they are concerned about the need and the want of the society as a whole. Their diversity of suppliers made them welcomed in all cultures and different country as well as creates an environment for the organization that attracts better public reputation and favorable publicity. Impact of supplier environment on the marketing of soft drinks According to the marketing philosophy, the organization always has to try to satisfy the needs and the wants of its customer. But without the contribution of suppliers to improve and supply what’s required by the organization to provide its good and services, it would be certain that the organization will not be able to satisfy the needs and wants of costumers. A good supplier environment can help the business to perform better and achieve more. There are few factors that need to be considered for a good supplier environment. In a soft drinks company, the company need to make sure that product, pricing and costumer service of supplier are high in standard. These factors are very important for a soft drink company as that their costumers have rapid and abrupt changes in preferences as well as their dissimilar needs. For example, if a company identifies that a new soft drink needs to be introduced into the market. They must first make sure that there supplier is able to make a new commitment and flexibility towards the new product. Company need to know that if the new soft drink is high in demand; the supplier is able to meet that demand and still maintain the same quality of that particular soft drink. References List  ·International journal of research in Marketing, ‘Joint Action’ (1999)  ·Principles of marketing (2001). Kotler, Adam, Brown and Armstrong  ·Inside Business Success, May 1998.  ·Manager Update Volume 13 number 1 Autumn 2001.  ·Coca-Cola Soft Drink Company official website, www. coca-cola. com  ·PepsiCo Soft Drink Company official website, www. pepsico. com  ·Fritolay Soft Drink Company official website, http://www. fritolay. com/biz/minority/index. html  ·Quaker Soft Drink Company official website, http://www. quakeroats. com/qfb_BusinessPartners/diversity. cfm  ·Tropicana Soft Drink Company official website, http://www. tropicana. com/biz/about/supplier. htm  ·Queensland Government, Department of public works, Managing and monitoring supplier performance. Web site: unknown.

As Psychology Locus of Control Essay

Discuss the role of locus of control on independent behaviour. (12 marks) Locus of control refers to a person’s perception of personal control over their own behaviour. There are two types of locus of control; internal and external. Internal locus of control occurs when individuals feel they are in control of their behaviour and are responsible for their actions. External locus of control occurs when individuals feel their behaviour is controlled by external forces (e. g. luck or fate) and they are not responsible for their own actions. Those with internal locus of control are more likely to show independent behaviour and resist the pressures to conform or obey whereas those with external locus of control are more likely to obey and conform. High internals do not rely on the opinions of others. They are better able to resist coercion and are more achievement-orientated. High internal locus of control has been linked to leadership and individuals with high internal locus of control are more likely to become entrepreneurs. Anderson and Schneier found that group members possessing an internal locus of control were more likely to emerge as leaders in their groups. This may be because individuals who take responsibility for their own actions feel that they can cause changes in their environment, including the behaviour of those around them. There is lots of research evidence to support locus of control. Oliner and Oliner found that people who had gone against the majority and protected the Jews from the Nazis tended to score higher on measures of internal locus of control. This means they believed they had influence over events in their life including success and failures. It may be this that made them independent. Also, Elms and Milgram found that the people that were disobedient in Milgram’s study of obedience shows higher internal locus of control and social responsibility. Avtigis did a meta-analysis of studies investigating the relationship between locus of control and conformity and found high scores of external locus of control were more likely to conform than those with a low score. The average correlation between locus of control and conformity was 0. 37. This suggests that there are higher rates of conformity shown in external locus of control when compared to internal locus of control. There are a number of problems with using a meta-analysis. The studies are secondary data that the researcher has compiled. This means the study could suffer from researcher bias as they may have only found studies that supported their view. Also, as the study is correlational, cause and effect cannot be established. It does not comment on why there is a link or which factors were most important it only states that there is a relationship between the two variables. However, as the data is secondary data there are no ethical issues linked to the use of a meta-analysis to study the patterns between locus of control and conformity. On the other hand, Williams and Warchal gave 30 students a range of conformity tasks based on Asch’s study and assessed them using the Rotter’s locus of control scale. They found that those who conformed were the least assertive but did not score differently on the locus of control scale. This suggests that assertion may be more important in conformity than locus of control. There are also research studies that suggest that independent behaviour can be fostered or encouraged through modelling. Nemeth and Chiles found that those who had been exposed to a minority (four participants, one confederate) who gave a different answer were more likely to stand their ground and defy the majority in the second part of the experiment when they became a minority (four confederates, one participant). This study implies that exposure to a model of independent behaviour can influence the individual’s ability to stand firm against the majority and resist the group pressure to conform. However, there are problems with research into locus of control. Many of the studies that support locus of control are carried out in laboratories. This means they lack ecological validity and the results may not be applicable to real life situations. Also, demand characteristics may be present. The participant may have guessed the aim of the experiment and acted accordingly to fit the results they assume the researcher wanted. Also, it is difficult to measure personality. The use of questionnaires could mean that the studies suffer from social desirability bias as people may have altered their answers to appear more normal or to fit with what they assume the researcher wanted. Lastly, situational factors may be more important as personality is not always consistent. McGuire found that conforming behaviour differed across situations. If conformists and independents are not consistent in their behaviour it is hard to conclude that it is their personality that solely affects their choice whether or not to conform. Situational factors may influence behaviour too as they tend to conform in certain situations but not in others.