Sales Promotion Effect on Customer Buying Decision

Sales Promotion Effect on Customer Buying Decision Sales Promotion Effect on Customer Buying Decision at Supermarket: Example on several countries. Literature Review Sales Promotion According to Boddewyn Leardi (1989) the nature of sales promotion can be defined as: Techniques and devices commonly used on a temporary basis, to make goods and services more attractive to distributors or final customers by providing them with some additional benefit or inducement (incentive) or the expectations of such a benefit, whether in cash, in kind (nature) and/or services, whether immediately or at a later time, whether freely or conditionally.. There are three main contents in the sales promotion field: Customer promotion, Trade promotions and sales forces promotion (Smith, 1998). Specified in sales promotion, there are some sales promotional categories are: Rebate, Samples, Coupons, Bonus Pack. All of these tool being used as ways to promote profitability by stimulating the consumers to buy their products (Boddewyn and Leardi, 1989). Desire to buy the product or give at least a try on the product that the sellers want to present to the customer are the action of sales pro motion. Effective sales promoting can build up an good image of the brand and accomplish several purposes like increasing sales, building a customer databases, generating appearance on publicity (Smith, 1998). Accredited from John and William (1986) Sales promotion and Modern Merchandising,   the activities of sales promotion seem to be more effective than other types of advertising and personal selling. In addition, Joncos (1990) stated that sales promotion is more effective in any rival than any others marketing operation. According to Chandon, Wansink and Laurent (2000) the sales promotion satisfies the customer need of money saving, provide instant reward and can be considered a practical advantage for the consumers. Types of sales promotion Samples Samples are some test taster of the product, some are free and some are charged with a little amount to requite the loss of the company (Kotler et al., 2003). According to Clow and Baack (2007) free samples are a way of introducing a new product out on the market. Samples also are a very clever method to deliver the product to the customers so the product can be tested by the direct customers and affect their decision on buying the product in the future (Kardes, 1999). According to OGuinn, Allen and Semenik (2012) most of the company on consumer market using this method in some kinds, invest roughly $2.2 billion a year on this promoting routine. Lammers (1991) stated that there is a significant effect of sampling method on customer buying behavior and have good connection on fast selling practice. In addition, Shimp (2003) also indicate that sampling have a good effect on customer buying decision. Coupons Coupons is one of the most used practice by many marketers with the action of giving the customers a vouchers or certificate that reduce their spending on certain products utilitarian them financially later on and whenever in the future they want to purchase, like 25% discount from the actual price or a fixed amount like $5 per piece (Harmon and Hill, 2003). Robinson and Carnack (1997) indicated that coupon have been appeared for the trial period of the product. Customers are influenced by the value reduction on coupons; lead to a conclude that coupon is a smart tool (Peter and Olson, 1996) Kotler and Armstrong (2006) researched electronic in store coupon machines are a good tool to save customers buying history and based on that to offer coupon depend on past experience of buying and the current bill. Barat and Paswan (2005) stated that there are some possible negative effects of coupon issuing; manager should segmenting customer to introduce the details coupon on each cases. Reviewed Gilbert and Jackaria (2002) research shown that coupon have the least effect on product experimental. According to Wayne (2002) research about three coupon campaigns resulted in promoted products added incremental sales and other non-coupon purchases after. Price discount Fill (2000) indicated that price discount is the easiest method of reducing the price of the product that the percentage of the price discounted appears on the package of the product, offering a good price to persuading sales. Lessen the price on the given product or add more number of items to that product and use the same price to enhance value of the product and create an encouragement for the customer to purchase (Raghubir and Corfman, 1999). Some studies have proved that price discount method play an significant role in stimulating the client to try the product offered (Fill, 2002; Shimp, 2003). Price discounting create a seasonal sales peak, this activities usually attract the occasional clients on the similar brand more probable than getting new clients to buy the product, in addition, the periodic clients seem to get back to their best interested brand after the discount season (Ehrenberg et al, 1994). Ndubisi and Chiew (2006) stated that item trial has an association with price discount, it might be said that the first can be expanded by value reduction for any item. Price discount has a connect with other sales promotional tools in the relationship of affecting each other and persuading the customers to purchase the product, like coupons and sample (Gilbert and Jackaria, 2002; Huff and Alden, 1998). It likewise demonstrates that an extensive price reduction cost for any item that has happened amid the business season will be made by the merchants since buyers aware about the cost (Smith and Sinha, 2000) Buy one get one free According to Sinha Smith (2000) buy one get one free is one of the most commonly used advertising to promote products, in the sense that if you purchase a product, you will have a free product, by utilizing this procedure the client can be effectively pulled in to purchase the item with the fact that there is no extra cost and it ought to be more esteemed from the client point of view, therefore customer cant ignore such great deal. The extra bundles and additional items without cost motivate the client purchasing behavior to buy the product; since clients are getting positive emotion towards such offer particularly on the off chance that it is in substantial sizes bundles and properly publicized. This sales promotion method also benefits the sellers in speeding up the inventory clearance (Li, Sun Wang, 2007). Customer buying decision To clarify the customer buying decision part, clients usually have boundless demand to fulfill their needs and fulfillment to have something new. There have been a large literature had inspected customer buying decision and reported that there are a lot of issues reflect the consumer behavior buy or not to buy goods. Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) stated that there are four opinions for explaining consumer decision and behavior such as economic view which is outstand others view for making more impact on customer decision followed by passive view, emotional view and cognitive view, they also stated that consumer purchasing behavior reflected on how consumers choose what product they want and how that assessment going and its influence on next purchases. For instance, Customer buying behavior is the study of the procedures elaborate when persons or groups in the processes of select, purchase, use, or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to pleased wants and needs (Solomon, 1983). Naimah and Tan (1999) specified that there are some aspects affect consumer buying decision such as the high ability to perform a purchase and the physical surrounding at the place of purchases. According to Smelser and Baltes (2001), our daily life activities mostly is about buying products, creating our behavior and experiencing services at the place such as shops, city center, shopping centers and so on, where some motivation range can be inspired. Kotler (2003) argued that social and economic factors can significantly affect the consumer choices like cultural and essential factors of consumer behavior. William (2002) social class has huge impact on buying assessment criteria. After that Yip (2003) indicated that the social class of a person can cause limited options when making a buying decision if their income is low. According to Loudon and Della Bitta (2004) consumer behavior studies play an significant part in determining marketing segments and marketing plans, they recommended that customer buying behavior is often being studied because certain debates that suggestively affecting the customers behavior and their predictable actions, for this motive customer behavior is supposed to be an practical discipline, they also designated that the core marketing activities to scheming an effective marketing plans need three items are market segmentation, customer decision making and purchasing behavior. Sales promotion effect on customer buying decision The impact of sales promotion on consumer buying behavior has been extensively specified in many investigates and studies, they have exposed that there are a lot of factors can affect customer purchasing behavior, willingly to buy the products or not (Nagar, 2009; Smelser and Baltes, 2001). According to Nijs, Dekimpe, Steenkamps and Hanssens (2001) sales promotions make a significantly impacts on consumers buying behavior in the field of product brand, purchase time, quantity and brand switching. Moreover, consumer purchase decisions occasionally can be founded on the price sensitivity; so consumers seem to be more attracted to promoted goods (Bridges, Briesch and Yim, 2006). According to Quelch (1989) sales promoting, resources and methods have radically increased in the recent years performed by marketers. Then Blattberg and Neslin (1990) admitted that sales promotion has a power on consumer buying behavior by concentrating on occasionally promotion. Schneider and Currim (1991) cla imed that customers accepting the promotion methods are built on the out and in store sales promotion. Later on Schultz (1998) directed that sales promotion has a straight effect on customers behaviors. Chandon, Wansink, and Laurent (2000) stated that there are more influencing factors in consumer buying behavior rather than just price discount. Pramataris (2001) said that sampling is a good method on sales promotion which has less charging rate and an operative tool to fascinate clients. Fill (2002) designated that sales promotion tools has a enormous impression on consumer purchasing behavior throughout any competition; therefore reduction the price one of these tools can resulted in customers choices. For instance, Pickton and Broderick (2005) researched in sales promotion can result in growing sales capacity but less revenue. Others researchers also agreed that sales promotions is targeting the influence on consumer buying behavior by presenting new brands   with the targ et of new customers who have no previous experience with it(Solomon, Marshall and Stuart, 2008; Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). Though, Esfahani and Jafarzadeh (2012) indicated that mental variables have an important association with sales promotion; therefore they concluded that there is no substantial bond between impulsive behavior and sales promotion. Rothschild and Gaidis (1981) provided a case on how sales promotions can be used as determining stimulus. In that case, a free sample has been given to the possible customers. Inside the product taster is a voucher offering a great discount, possessed for a future rebuy. The shaping procedures carry on at the point of rebuy (store). Products at retail stores will also bring coupons for the next purchases, inside the products bundle. For instance, both items (samples and products accessible for sale) offer a voucher for a future buy, the distinction between those two discounts is assessed by the amount of discount. The second discount assessed with a lesser total. The achievement the marketers want to achieve is to form the behavior of the buyer over various phases. Theoretical framework review Revised the theoretical framework from the research conducted by GilbertN and Jackaria(2002); Mittal and Sethi (2011); Shi, Cheung Prendergast (2005); Alimpic (2014). Reviewed that researches mentioned above using the model to show the influence of sales promotion tools such as, coupons, price discount, sample and buy one get one free on customers buying decision through many behaviors like brand switching, Purchase Acceleration, Stock Pilling, Product Trial, and Spending more money. The idea of the above researaches is to find out the relationship between the sales promotion tools and the buying behavior of the customers. Research Methodology This dissertation using deduction approaches to perform the research. Robson (2002) has itemized five stages to developing a deductive research as following: Firstly, develop a hypothesis showing the relationship between two or more notions or variables. Secondly, voicing the hypothesis in operational terms by representing exactly how the concepts are measured. Third part is, testing the hypothesis. Fourthly, investigate the possible outcome. Last but not least, modifying the theory if the findings necessary. The research using quantitative data research, gathering data through secondary mean, examines academic journal and previous empirical researches on sales promotion effect on customer buying decision in retail market. Proposed theoretical model   Ã‚   To satisfying the demand of conducting a research on sales promotions influences on customer buying decision the following theoretical model has been developed due to achieved the ideas from previous study. The model displays the effect of sales promotions tool: coupons, price discount, sample and buy one get one free on customer buying behavior: brand switching, Purchase Acceleration, Stock Pilling, Product Trial, and Spending more money. The theoretical model being drawn in figure 1 shows the relationship. After that the subsequent hypothesis have been shaped to response to the research question Figure 1: Conceptual framework for the impact of sales promotions tool affecting customer buying behavior Hypothesis 1: Coupon has substantial effect on customer buying behavior Hypothesis 2: Price discount has substantial effect on customer buying behavior Hypothesis 3: free sample has substantial effect on customer buying behavior Hypothesis 4: buy one get one free has substantial effect on customer buying behavior Limitations Findings To examines the hypothesis has been drawn, researcher used data and conclusion from four previous studies which have the same or equal research model to test the hypothesis and investigate the possible outcome of the studies Hypothesis 1: Coupon has substantial effect on customer buying behavior To test the hypothesis 1 the researcher used the study of Alimpic (2014): The effectiveness of sales promotion tools: customer perspective. The research method, sampling procedure of this research can be seen on Appendix A. The statistical number on this research is stated in Table 1. According to the result provided by the researcher, repeated measures ANOVA presented that there are no substantial alterations among   buying behaviors to coupons (Wilks lambda = 0.979, p > 0.05). The figure shown in Table 1 is 2,22 for brand switching; 2,18 for product trials; 2,28 on purchase acceleration; 2,16 for spending more out of 5 points maximum. This mean coupon method have no intention in making the customer to buy another brand that they do not regular buy, buying earlier, buy more or buy another product that they have never used before and not encouraging customer to spend more money to buy as well. To be more clarify that coupon does not lead the respondents to perform any of the p resented buying behaviors. Average points of coupons are 2.22 out of 5. Therefore, coupons have no substantial impact on customer buying behaviors. The first hypothesis: Coupon has substantial effect on customer buying behavior is rejected. This hypothesis also confirmed by other researchers on their researches (Gilbert and Jackaria, 2002; Ndubisi and Chew, 2006; Osman and Chan Yin Fah, 2011) Hypothesis 2: Price discount has substantial effect on customer buying behavior To test the hypothesis 2 the researcher used the study conducted by Mittal and Sethi (2011):The Effectiveness of Sales Promotion Tools among Indian Consumers: An Empirical Study. The research method, respondents profile, and others relating to this research can be seen on Appendix B. The statistical data after analyzed on this research for price discount have been stated in Table 2.   Acquired the figure from the table provided; Brand switching with 2.85; Purchase acceleration at 2.75; Stock Piling at 2.72; Product Trial at 2.96 and Spend more money at 3.73 It can be seen clearly that there are two groups of behaviors responses, the first group included brand switching, purchase acceleration, stock piling, and product trial; the second group is spend more money than monthly budgeted. According to the first group, price discount seem to be more effective in inducing costumers to buy products from another brand that they not regular buy, buy the product earlier due to the discou nt are available at the time of purchases, price discount encouraged buyers to buy more than expected for the reason that might be because of the reduced price, and consumers also like to try new product that they never bought before when a price discount is on. The second group seems to be less successful because price discount might not be the reason for spending more money than monthly budget. Despite the bad response on spend more money but price discount appear to be very effective on buying behaviors. So the second hypothesis Price discount has substantial effect on customer buying behavior is approved.   Ã‚   Hypothesis 3: Free sample has substantial effect on customer buying behavior To test the hyphothesis 3 the researcher used again the study conducted by Alimpic (2014). The research method, respondents profile, and others relating to this research can be seen on Appendix B. The statistical data after analyzed on this research for Free sample have been stated in Table 1. Achieved the means from the resulted provided by Alimpic (2014): Brand switching at 2.54; Purchase acceleration at 2.46; Stockpiling at 2.19; Product trial at 2.59 and spending more money at 2.18. According to the note given on the table, 5 is the highest level which is strongly agreed; which mean under 3 is slightly disagree with the statements. For instance, in this data collected and analyze numerically by Alimpic (2014) free sample have no substantial impact towards all behavior responses. To clarify more about this, there are two groups can be seen clearly that there is a group slightly better than the other group; first group is brand switching, purchase acceleration and product trial; th e second group which are buy more and spend more have the least influences. But after all the overall proportion still under neutral and this hypothesis is rejected. Hypothesis 4: There is a substantial relationship between buy one get one free and costumer buying behavior To test the hypothesis 4, the researcher used the study conducted by Shi, Cheung Prendergast (2005): Behavioral response to sale promotion tools: A Hong Kong Study The research method, respondents profile, and others relating to this research can be seen on Appendix C. The statistical data after analyzed on this research for price discount have been stated in Table 3. The statistic for buy one get one free towards different customer buying behavior are collected and analyzed under the scale of 7. For each category we have: buy one get one free toward brand switching at 3.89; purchase acceleration at 4.86; Stockpiling at 5.01; Product trial at 3.69 and spend more money at 4.58. Overall the result seems really good in some behavioral response. The most significant impact of buy one get one free is on stock piling; after that purchase acceleration at; the third one is spend more money to buy the product; the fourth and the last are brand switching and product trial. The average points toward 5 behaviors for buy one get one free is 4.41, that is over 4 points in a 7 scales that means there are good responses to buy one get one free. To extent the problems, the possible problem that causing brand switching   not so successful on buy one get one free is because of the customers might not know much about that product, so the method might not fit in some circumstance, the same possible explanation for product trial as well. Despite that, the hypothesis 4 buy one get one free has substantial effect on customer buying behavior is accepted.

Lesson Review Essay

1. Why would killing Lucy, Mina, or any other vampire have been considered a merciful act of euthanasia? They are becoming monsters and they wouldn’t want to hurt anyone. By killing them, you are putting them out of their misery. Euthanasia is merciful killing. By killing a vampire, you are not only preventing them being miserable because of what they become and preventing their future victims from misery. 2. Explain the difference between physiognomy and phrenology. Physiognomy is the practice of determining a persons characteristics by their facial structure. Phrenology is the practice of determining a persons characteristics based on the amount of space they have in certain parts of their brain. 3. How does the poem â€Å"Totentanz† represent the recurring theme in Goethe’s works, that mankind should not meddle with the activities of the supernatural? (What happens to the man in the poem?) The warder picks up one of the skeletons shrouds and so that skeleton does not go back in the grave like the others. The skeleton chases him up to the bell tower and just as he was about to kill him, god saved the warder. The skeleton crashes down into pieces. 4. Which vampire hunter has died during the mission to kill the Count? How do Jonathan and Mina honor this deceased character? Quincy was very injured and died. He lived long enough to see Dracula live, though. Jonathan and Mina honors Quincys death by naming their son Quincy. 5. What do you think a man should look like, sound like, and behave like if he is going to play the role of Count Dracula in a film or a play? I think that his voice has to be smooth, soothing, and very seducing. His hair has to be black and be in great contrast to pale skin. The eyes are very Important. They have to be piercing yet beautiful. He must behave sly yet be very polite. In order to play the role of Dracula, the person has to have a lot of contradicting characteristics.

US Economy

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Americas War on Terror Essay - 1677 Words

With the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City, the United States adopted radical changes to its foreign policy and its response to terrorist threat. With the swift implementation of the USA PATRIOT Act shortly after the attacks (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act), and intervention in Afghanistan, the United States had begun its War on Terror. This war was shepherded by then President George W. Bush. These actions marked the beginning of the War on Terror, and laid the groundwork for the problems experienced by the Obama administration almost ten years later. The USA PATRIOT Act was a statute designed to unburden law enforcement agencies from privacy†¦show more content†¦conduct in the ‘war on terror,’ especially the use of Guantanamo to circumvent legal protections of the rights of prisoners detained there† (Lowenthal 2009: 19). The United States initiated Operation Iraqi Freedom on 20 March 2003, without NATO approval, beginning with targeted bombing of Iraq, and soon a full-scale invasion. This has proved to become an unpopular war, for some because of the motivations behind it or because of the perceived lack of progress in Iraq, attributed to â€Å"enemy body counts and casualty ratio data† which â€Å"is quantifiable and commonly viewed by the public as a reasonable indicator of success (or, more likely, failure)† (Boettcher and Cobb 2006: 833). It also damaged the United States’ international standing because the war in Afghanistan â€Å"was followed by the deeply controversial Iraqi war of shock and awe which fractured the international legal order so carefully crafted in the crucible of Lake Success in 1945† (Steyn 2004: 7). To the present day, the United States remains engaged in Afghanistan and Iraq; and continues to operate military camps outside of legal jurisdiction in Guantanamo Bay. These actions and decisions have formed the cornerstone of the USA’s response to terrorism. Barack Obama was elected President of the United States in the 2008 election, promising to close Guantanamo Bay’s military camps and provide a timeline for the withdrawal of troops from Iraq. Both of these promises are yet to be met, however theShow MoreRelatedPresident Obama s Foreign Policy758 Words   |  4 PagesLindsay (2011), President Bush’s foreign policy was dominated, first by the ‘war on terror’, and second by his ‘freedom agenda.’ This suggests that President Bush’s foreign policy was largely driven by ideology. Lindsay (2011:766) argues that during the war on terror â€Å"fighting terrorism became not just a priority, but the priority† of American foreign policy. The war on terror was the rationale behind America’s decisions to go to war with Afghanistan and Iraq. According to Lindsay (2011), America invadedRead MoreCharles Krauthammer The 9 / 11 Synthesis Summary840 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The 9/11 â€Å"Overreaction†? Nonsense.†, Charles Krauthammer selects the supporting side of The United States of America’s reaction to the terrorist attack of September 11th, 2001. Throughout the essay, Krauthammer succeeds in persuading his target audience of conservatives and general Americans that not only was Americas reaction to the 9/11 terrorist attack justified, but it also brought adequate results. Krauthammer utilizes various strategies such as the rhetorical triangle, stylistic techniquesRead MoreTaken Hostage By David Farber1083 Words   |  5 Pagesinforms us of America’s first encounter with radical Islam and what had caused the conflict between them. For four hundred and forty-four days, President Carter tried to put effort into resolving the issues but he failed on releasing the hostages. Since the American people paid close attention to this issue, they were highly disappointed with President Carter and his processes. From our class lectures and throughout the tensions illustrated in Farber’s book, we learn of how the role of Cold War policy hadRead MoreGeorge W. Bush s Foreign Policy Successful1601 Words   |  7 Pagesthe foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel American resolve† - George. W. Bush Prior to World War I, the United States’ foreign policy remained predominantly isolated. However, upon the end of the war, American foreign policy saw a pragmatic shift from its original isolationistic nature to XXXXX . America’s policy then was calling for American to avoid entangling political alliance. 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Professional Capacity Building

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Capacity Building. Answer: Introduction This professional capacity building shows the pathway that I would like to follow to achieve my objective of becoming a professional nurse. It provides an overview of my strengths and opportunities. It further identifies the weaknesses and threats that I am likely to be faced with in my attempt of achieving the goals (Allen, Himmelfarb, Szanton, 2003/2004). In addition, it provides a list of objectives that I would like to achieve over the five-year period to succeed in my dream of becoming a professional community nurse practitioner. Further, still, this document provides a clear description of my critical thinking and analysis that supports the rational that I have the dream of becoming a community nurse (Holzemer Klainberg, 2014). Requirements to become a community health nurse A community nurse must be registered in the first case and must have done a community health course or a postgraduate degree in nursing. I intend to register for a post graduate degree in the shortest time possible so as to acquire skills that would enable me to be registered as a nurse by the Australian Board of Nursing and Midwifery. I would then be able to undertake the duties of a community health nurse (Basavanthappa, 2008). I would like to express my love for the community and the nursing profession at the same time. As a result, training to become a professional community health nurse would be the best way in which I would be able to accomplish my dream. Community health nurses educate community members and at the same time offer nursing practice to them (Hitchcock, Schubert, Sue, 2003). The focus of the community health nurses is to improve the health of family members in the assigned community. I look forward to doing the same role (Loman, D, Cinton, 2009). Besides, there is a high demand for community nurses. I would, therefore, love to fill in the vacancies that are in place. I understand quite well that the job is challenging and rewarding in equal measures. However, I believe in myself, and I am equal to the task (Jaruseviciene, Liseckiene, Valius, Kontrimiene, 2013). Need of Role in the Future There is a need for the community members' health needs to be met. It is my desire too to ensure that the needs of the people regarding health are fully met. It is also necessary for the increased demand for community health workers to be met. At the same time, it is necessary for health awareness to be improved. I will work together with other renowned healthcare team members in the provision of high-quality services to the community members (Lundy Janes, 2009). Critical Thinking and Analysis First, I would rehearse so as to be able to provide safe healthcare to community members in the most ideal and appropriate evidence; Second, I intend to undertake exercises that would improve my experts in the community health practice; And, third, I also look ahead to demonstrate my ability to conduct research in the field of community healthcare. At the same time, I recognize the research work that has been conducted in the field of community health. References Allen, J. K., Himmelfarb, D., Szanton, C. R. (2003/2004). Cost-effectiveness of nurse Practitioner/Community health worker care to reduce cardiovascular health disparities. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing,, 308-314. Basavanthappa, B. (2008). Community Health Nursing. Jaypee Brothers Publishers,. Dunham, F., Lamarand, K. (2010). Community Nurse Practitioners:Roles and Scopes of Practice. Graduate Nursing EDU. (2015). Community Nurse Practitioner What is a nurse practitioner. Graduate Nursing EDU. Hitchcock, J. E., Schubert, P. E., Sue, A. T. (2003). Community Health Nursing: Caring in Action, Volume 1. Cengage Learning. Holzemer, S. P., Klainberg, M. (2014). Community Health Nursing. Jones Bartlett Publishers,. Jaruseviciene, L., Liseckiene, I., Valius, L., Kontrimiene, A. J. (2013). Teamwork in primary care: Perspectives of general practitioners and community nurses in lithuania. BMC Family Practice, 14(1), 118-118. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-118. Loman, D, G., Cinton, P. (2009). Community Nurse Practitioner: Practice opportunities and challenges. The Australian Nursing Journal, 157(4)., P. 526-527. Lundy, K. S., Janes, S. (2009). Community Health Nursing. Jones Bartlett Learning. MacDonald, J. M. (2005). Combination model of care for community nurse practitioners. British Journal of Nursing,, 1144-1148. .